Miruna George and Jaya
Selvi D
Dr. Miruna George is an Associate
Professor in English at Stella Maris College, Chennai. Her areas of interest
are American Literature, Postcolonial Studies, Indian Writing in English,
Gender and Women’s Studies, Subaltern Studies and Theatre Studies.
Jaya Selvi D is a Doctoral Research Scholar in the
department of English, Stella Maris College, Chennai. Her areas of interest
include Literature and Globalisation, Development Studies, Memory Studies and
Surveillance Studies.
Abstract
Post-truth
era is characterized by infestation of alternative facts and realities that
makes distinction between truth and lies obscure. It exists predominantly in
the political space, where there is active engagement in exercising power over
subjects. These socio-political post-truth discourses present an imperative
challenge to literary world in terms of accommodating marginalised subjective
realities. The task at hand is to encounter both politically motivated objective
truths and alternative facts of post-truth discourses in order to assert the
resilient voices of the subjects. Literary works like Shoes of the Dead (2013) confronts such highly fabricated,
conniving post-truth discourses through its literary representation. This paper
proposes to study how literary representations subvert post-truth discourses by
exposing the predispositions of objective truths towards political powers.
Issues of Agrarian Crisis and Farmers’ suicides in India (with specific
references to Central India) form the areas of study in the novel. A set of statistical
data -a realm of the so-called facts- is usually presented as an evidence for
its objective representation of reality; however, post-truth politics has even
exploited such factual data for its advances. Literary reflections on data
politics, with main focus on statistical data, as depicted in the novel, bring
out the political power play involved in misrepresenting the data, and thereby,
challenging its objective representation of reality. With reference to the
novel, this paper aims to unravel the manipulative strategies employed by power
centres in manipulating the data on farmers’ suicides. This paper further argues
that the misrepresented data of farmers’ suicides is challenged by the novel through
its literary representations and ingenious narrative techniques that subverts
the post-truth discourse of Indian Agrarian Crisis.
Keywords: Post-Truth, Alternative Facts, Data Politics, Farmers’ Suicides,
Agrarian Crisis, Objective Truths and Subjective Realities.
___________________________________________________________________________
From
literary works to literary theories, from literary canons to its historical
transformations, from writing to activism, the contingent of literature is
exponential, yet the foundation remains the same: to represent reality from a
subject point of view and thereby assert the existence of many truths. One of
the frequently discussed phenomena in literary milieu is Truth(s). Literary
standpoint on the idea of truth always aims at presenting a subjective reality
amidst the dominant presence of objective truth. The role of literature in
representing the realities of marginalised subjects becomes highly challenging
in the post-truth era. A surge of chaos than clarity, while perceiving and
processing information as a result of data deluge has made literary reflections
on social realities highly indispensable and significant in current times. Politically
structured post-truth discourses gradually transform itself into objective truths1 of society further
undermining the subjective realities. Post-truth discourses contrive a parallel
reality using alternative facts that make the distinction between truth and lie
completely obscure; in addition, data politics plays a huge role in
constructing these post-truth discourses which is elaborately discussed in this
paper.
With the term
“data politics” being widely used to denote a number of socio, techno and
political phenomena, this paper deems it appropriate to specify the intended
reference of the term as used in this study. In recent times, the term “data
politics” refers to technological supremacy that renders power over social and
even personal spaces of people. The absolute control over information about
people’s social interactions, monetary transactions, movements, social and
political inclinations have high implications on business, marketing,
advertising and even on politics. It raises concerns on data privacy, and also
shows the infinite potential of data and information; therefore, it is no
wonder that the power centres of politics desperately attempt to control data
to its advantage. The significance of power over data was no different even
when the term “data” referred to something as finite as statistical numbers. The
initial study on social, economic and political implications of data and
information was centred on “statistics, demography and probability, and data
production practices such as the census and administrative registers” (Bigo 1).
Ian Hacking, one of the forerunners involved in the study of data, also
focussed on statistics and census and how this “avalanche of printed numbers” influenced
society and even history in the data revolution between 1820 and 18402
(Bigo 1). The definition of data politics has undergone tremendous changes in
accordance with the technological upgrade of collecting and storing data.
However, the novel Shoes of the Dead discusses
the issue of misrepresenting the farmers’ suicide data with respect to
statistical data rather than the digitalised one. Therefore, the term “data
politics” used in this paper refers to the absence of intrinsic objectivity in
a set of statistical data. The role of power centres involved in data fudging as
portrayed in the novel is so malicious that it demands the term “data politics”
be used to highlight the rhizomatic presence of political power in this issue.
Kota Neelima’s non-fictional work titled Widows of Vidarbha: Making of Shadows
(2018) becomes a crucial part of this study as it explores the issue of
farmers’ suicides backed by the author’s profound research and on-field
investigation in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. This research work is a
collection of case studies that includes life stories and interviews given by the
families of the victims. The introductory part of this non-fictional work is
highly significant to this study as it blurs the boundary between fiction and
facts in relation to the fictional work Shoes
of the Dead (2013); furthermore, it validates the fictional portrayal of
the issue in the novel with the factual aspects of farmers’ suicide cases from
Vidarbha region. In her introduction to Widows
of Vidarbha, Kota Neelima unravels the discrepancies seen in the data of
farmers’ suicides as recorded by the state authorities. The author questions
the disparities seen in the state’s report titled, “Accidental Deaths and
suicides in India” (ADSI), which is annually published by NCRB (National Crimes
Record Bureau) of India (xxviii-xxx). A set of following ambiguities paves way
for such production of alternative facts: the suicides of small farmers,
agricultural labourers, daily wagers, who don’t own a land under her/his name
are not included under farmers’ suicides category (xxvi); suicides of women
farmers are also not included since lands are not registered under their name
(xxvi); a farmer’s suicide stands valid, only if she/he had loan dues with
registered banks at the time of her/his suicide, and this criteria deliberately
excludes the deceased victims who had taken private loans from unscrupulous
moneylenders (xx). The long list of conditions to be fulfilled by the deceased
in making her/his suicide valid deepens the traumatic experience of the widows
in receiving their monetary compensation. These altered facts and fabricated
data distort the subjective realities which the novel Shoes of the Dead attempts to represent. These contrived data
reports can be seen as the socio-political post-truth discourse which the novel
questions through its literary representations.
The novel Shoes of the Dead traces the intertwined
lives of Keyur Kashinath and Gangiri Bhadra; Keyur is a powerful politician in
Delhi and Gangiri is a poor, yet resilient, farmer from Mityala who is
struggling for his survival. The political life of Keyur, a Member of
Parliament comes under scrutiny because of the increasing number of farmers’
suicides in his constituency, Mityala. To save himself from political turmoil,
Keyur fudges the statistical data of farmers’ suicides by exercising his
political powers and thereby constructing a post-truth discourse. Gangiri
challenges Keyur’s power politics by asserting individual/subject life stories of
farmers who have committed suicides as the inevitable subjective
realities/truths that counter argues the post-truth discourse. Henceforth, this
paper aims to explore the ways in which the novel Shoes of the Dead subverts socio-political post-truth discourse of
Indian agrarian crisis with reference to the issue of farmers’ suicides. This
paper argues that the rendition of subjective realities as literary narratives,
challenges politically framed objective truths pertaining to this issue.
Furthermore, the novel articulates the resilient voices of the subjects using
paradigm-shifting narrative techniques and inclusive communicative modes, which
is also a subject of study in this paper.
In order to
understand the dynamics between truth and politics, a little detour through
various philosophical discussions on truth becomes important. In her work Philosophy of Logics (1978) Susan Haack analysed
different theories of truth – Coherence, Correspondence, Pragmatic, and
Semantic– in an attempt to understand the core ideas of truth and its effects
on society. Despite repeated attempts to relate truth and reality (Haack 97),
profound insights into foundation of reality and its effects on truth seems to
be incomplete and inadequate. It was in the works of Peter L. Berger and Thomas
Luckmann, profound insights on constructed
social reality were observed. Their work explored the varied sources of
reality and dwelled into its objective and subjective aspects. The central
proposition of Berger and Luckmann was that human beings interact in a social
world and create a paradigm of social conventions based on experiences and
belief systems. Yet again, the power relation that influences a conscious
exclusion of certain subjective experiences from the constructed paradigm was
not part of their discussion. At last, the most significant questions on truth
and power surfaced in the writings of Michel Foucault on these areas of study.
His collection of interviews Power/
Knowledge: Selected Interviews and other Writings 1972-1977 can be seen as
the foundational text to understand the politics behind truth.
In his analysis of political economy of truth,
Foucault discusses the production and the establishment of politically
motivated truths. His reflections on truth and politics can be seen as the
earlier arguments against post-truth discourses in the academic forum. Both
Foucauldian concepts and post-truth discourses involve production of truth and its resistance. The post-truth discourse;
however, takes a detour from Foucauldian ideas in terms of its operative mechanism.
In addition to production of truth, post-truth politics makes sure that alternative facts are also produced to
confuse oppositional forces and to deactivate any forms of resistance. Rather
than a hegemonic presence, a state of bewilderment among its subjects is the
ultimate goal of post-truth discourses, since hegemony would anyway be the
default outcome of this deceitful mechanism. In the post-truth era, the
cognitive ability of the people in distinguishing truth from lies is put under
test by presenting a large number of misrepresented data and alternative facts.
With respect to this study, the issue of farmers’ suicides and its
misrepresentation attains authenticity with the manipulated data being
published in ADSI by NCRB, as stated earlier. The data published by these
authorities are considered to be the most reliable source of information for
research institutes who are indulging in similar subjects of study and it paves
way for this fudged data to become far more solid and constant. When both media
and people quote and rely on these research institutes and government records
to comprehend reality, these documents attain legitimacy, and that’s how post-truth
transforms itself into parallel realities and it further leads to hegemony.
Such complex dynamics make subversion of post-truth discourses through literary
representations highly challenging, yet essential.
Post-truth has become the buzzword since it was exclusively
highlighted as Oxford Dictionary’s word of the year in 2016; subsequently, a
number of publications on the topic flooded the market and hardly any of those
books failed to discuss Brexit, US elections and more importantly, the former president
of USA, Donald Trump (McIntyre 2). This shows the inevitable political
resonances of the term Post-truth. The series of publications on Post-truth by
Palgrave Macmillan in 20193 provided a theoretical framework to this
controversial ‘phenomenon’ to be engaged with in a more compelling fashion in
the academic space. The definitions of post-truth are as extensive and intense
as its effect on society and people. For Lee McIntyre, the most striking
feature is that “the idea of post-truth is not just that truth is being
challenged, but that it is being
challenged as a mechanism for asserting political dominance” (xiv). According to him, though there were serious
challenges in the past towards the very idea of truth, “never before have such
challenges been so openly embraced as a strategy for the political
subordination of reality” (xiv). The features of post-truth as stated by Lee
McIntyre includes, “… [Post-truth] try to bend reality to fit their opinions,
rather than the other way around” (6), “… post-truth era is a challenge not
just to the idea of knowing reality but to the existence of reality itself”
(10). The intricate relationship between post-truth and politics is evident
from his following remarks: “… post-truth amounts to a form of ideological
supremacy, whereby its practitioners are trying to compel someone to believe in
something whether there is good evidence for it or not. And this is a recipe
for political domination” (13). Such devious acts of political oppression and subsequent
marginalization of the farming community, most importantly the increasing debt-driven
suicides of farmers, which is one of the most devastating aspect of Indian
agrarian crisis becomes the subject of study for this paper with respect to the
novel Shoes of the Dead.
The issue of
farmers’ suicides has become the discursive space for post-truth discourses. In
the novel, there are two distinct spaces:
a world of power politics in Delhi (a space
of power) and a community of farmers from Mityala (a space of resistance). These two distinct worlds get entangled
because of the news stories on farmers’ suicides written and published by Nazar
Prabhakar, a fearless and honest journalist working in Delhi. Nazar
investigates and report on farmers’ suicides, with Gangiri as his main source
of information. His main aim is to expose the power politics involved in
agrarian crisis which would create a positive change in the lives of farmers.
The reasons for the crisis and the problems faced by
farmers in leading a peaceful and dignified life are extensive and highly
complex: failed monsoons, highly priced farm inputs, deceitful moneylenders,
manipulating middle-men, low yields, or high yields with less market price,
inadequate policies and ineffective schemes, mounting debts, and
corporate-serving politicians (Neelima 18: 2013). As signified in the title of
the novel Shoes of the Dead, agrarian
crisis is equally devastating for both the living and the dead. The families of
the victims should prove the validity
of their loved ones’ suicide as a debt-distressed one in order to become
eligible for the monetary compensation given by the state. The families of the
victims, mainly widows, experience a series of emotionally disturbing
investigations and exhaustive bureaucratic circumlocution in terms of paperwork
and procedures. As portrayed in the novel, the state investigates the validity of each and every farmer’s
suicide through district suicide committees, which meets every fortnight to
vote and decide on the cases of farmers’ suicides. The rise of farmers’
suicides in Mityala reflects the inefficiency of Keyur Kashinath as an MP and
his ruling Democratic Party. In order to curtail this, Keyur strategically
falsifies the number of suicides
recorded, instead of working on solutions to stop famers from committing
suicide. Keyur monitors the activities of the district suicide committee, and
influences the proceedings through his ardent supporters: local money lender
Durga Das and Maha Sarpanch Lambodar (Honorary Head of all panchayats in the
district). Thus, Keyur’s political ambitions revolve around successful political
career rather than the survival of farmers; as Nazar puts it, “There is
political comfort in keeping suicide figures low. It disproves debt distress;
it shows the success of policies” (16).
In the novel, the district suicide committee consists
of members holding different power positions in the society: Agricultural
Officer of the district Jivan Patel, Chief Medical Officer Dr. Hemant Rao,
Mityala Chief of Police Purandar Reddy, Maha Sarpanch Lambodar and Maha
Sarpanch Gauri Shanker, Regional Bank Manager Ramesh Vaish, deceiving money
lender and powerful village leader Durga Das, the District Collector Amarendra
Gul, and Sitabai, a former Sarpanch representing farmers in the suicide
committee. Apart from Sitabai and Gauri Shanker, the rest of the committee is
either corrupted or coerced to vote in favor of Lambodar and Durga Das. They
(Lambodar and Durga Das) validate or invalidate a suicidal death based on their
personal benefits. They both vote a suicide valid only if they are sure that
the compensation money can be seized from the family later for the loan that
the deceased has taken from them earlier. On the other hand, if they plan to
acquire the land of the victim for the money that they have loaned earlier,
they make sure that the compensation gets denied so that the family is forced
to sell their land to Lambodar and Durga Das. Keyur also benefits from such
deceitful acts -recording a smaller number of farmers’ suicides- as it reflects
his successful governance in Mityala as an MP.
One such malpractice can be witnessed when Sudhakar’s
suicide – a debt-distressed farmer and brother of Gangiri – is declared invalid,
and therefore not eligible for monetary compensation. Such verdicts indicate
the strong presence of post-truth politics in the agrarian crisis. The
post-truth discourse of socio-political power can be witnessed in the following
conversation, in which talathi (a
village accountant) informed Gangiri about the verdict of the committee on his
brother’s suicide: “Gangiri asked again in a stunned voice, ‘Are you saying we lied?’ The talathi now squirmed a
little. ‘I think the committee found reasons other than the ones you mentioned
for your brother’s suicide’ ” (45). The suicide committee had quoted depression
as the reason for his brother’s suicide, which was also true because he was
certainly depressed. But the reasons for his depression - due to mounting debts
and failed harvests - are the subject realities that the post-truth discourse
deliberately negates from records. This shows how the power centres (Lambodar,
Durga Das and Keyur) construct an alternate reality of farmers’ lives and
reasons for their suicides to suppress the embedded truths of subjective
realities. In another instance, while
discussing a neighbour’s suicide, Gangiri’s friend Vadrangi says, “The district
committee had decided it was not a suicide due to debt distress. They said he
died of a weak heart. In a way, that was the truth” (47). The strategic
planning of Lambodhar and Durga Das involves twisting facts about the victims
and creating a parallel reality. They tarnish the dignity of the victims and
falsely and derogatorily label them as alcoholics who squander away money and
never repay loans. They intentionally refer to trivial health issues, past
family problems and victim’s desire for luxurious life as reasons for suicide
(13). The very fact that they had committed suicide because of increasing debt
and harassment by moneylenders gets buried along with the dead. In the words of
Lee McIntyre, “This [Post-Truth] is not the abandonment of facts, but a
corruption of the process by which facts are credibly gathered and reliably
used to shape one’s beliefs about reality” (11). Such meticulously construed
post-truth discourse of power centres infuriates Gangiri and he decides to
challenge this power politics that destroys the life of farmers.
The field of data
politics is largely encompassing in its scope and content. As mentioned earlier,
considering the theme of this research paper and the novel selected for study,
the definitions and interpretations on data politics are narrowed down to
concepts that involves only statistical data. The dynamics of data politics
gets more complex and entangled in the novel, as the novel portrays how the
power of data and numbers not only threatens the life of farmers, but also
misrepresents the intensity of the crisis, which may delay the proactive measures
to be taken. The data being deliberately fabricated for political gains
eliminates any chance for constructive measures against agrarian crisis. It is
also evident in the novel through the words of Girish, an honest journalist,
“Figures that make governments look bad are usually fudged” (16).
In their work titled Data Politics: Worlds, Subjects, Rights (2019) Didier Bigo, Engin
Isin and Evelyn Rupert discuss data politics in representation:
Data sciences such as statistics, probability, and analytics
have emerged not because they have merely quenched our curiosities but because
these sciences have been useful for the objects and subjects they have brought
into being for the purposes of governing and/or profit. And to speak constantly
about data as though it either represents or records subjects and their
movements, independent from the social and political struggles that govern
them, is to mask such struggles (4).
As
clearly pointed out here, the potential of data becoming a ground for socio-political
resistance is extremely high. Gangiri’s initial attempts to confront data
politics and resists post-truth discourse includes him becoming a member of the
suicide committee. After a lot of struggle, he finally becomes a member of the
committee as a representative of the families whose members have committed
suicide. He aims to alter the course of the committee’s proceedings and
decisions. His resistance comes in terms of disentangling the web of data
politics, power and truth as seen in the course of the novel. In one of his
conversations with Nazar, Gangiri discusses the repercussions created by numbers in the power centred arena: “I
knew I would not be able to stand for long against these powerful people who
are troubled by the real numbers of the suicides, but I had to at least try”
(93). Being located in a very precarious position, Gangiri still challenges the
centre by exposing falsified data on farmers’ suicides using every resource
that he can afford, even though it endangers the lives of his brother’s
children. In the suicide committee meetings, Gangiri’s detailed research on
each and every suicide gives him victory over Lambodar and Durga Das’s
post-truth versions of the case.
Since post-truth discourse uses fabricated data as its
main source of validity, Kota Neelima’s use of investigative style of writing
makes the novel resemble an investigative report on data politics in farmers’
suicides. Complementing this style, the profiles of the fictional characters in
the novel also revolve around profound investigation and research: Nazar
Prabhakar is an investigative journalist; Videhi is the Assistant Director of
Centre for Contemporary Societies whose research is on social crisis; Gangiri,
a poor educated farmer whose investigations and search for truth provided valid proofs that made debt-distressed farmers’
suicides eligible for monetary compensation. The plot of the novel moves
forward through the series of reports presented by these characters. For
instance, the first chapter includes Videhi and her team presenting their
report on the remedial measures to be taken by the government to address
agrarian crisis (7-9). The reading of her report introduces the reader to
various arguments on agrarian crisis from different perspectives.
The use of articles and news stories as part of the
narration makes the novel more experimental and engaging. In the fourteenth
chapter of the novel, Nazar’s news story on farmer suicides is presented in a
typical newspaper format with title and writer’s name beneath it (168-171).
Such narrative technique blends journalistic style of writing - which usually
carries features of report writing - with literary representations making the
novel more factual than fictional. The following similarities drawn between the
non-fictional work Widows of Vidarbha and the fictional text Shoes of
the Dead blur the boundary between fact and fiction in the novel. One of
the major factual elements seen in the novel, in comparison to Widows of
Vidarbha, is the very structure of the suicide committee. From the case
studies discussed in the non-fiction work, it can be explicitly seen that the role
of bureaucrats and government officials portrayed in the novel is similar to
their roles in real life as well. Furthermore, the functioning of the suicide
committee and the rules that Lambodar and Durga Das uses as loopholes in
deciding a suicide valid/invalid (45) are very similar to the legal requirements
stated by the government for approval of monetary compensation (xxvi), yet
again bringing in factuality into a fictional text. The use of case-studies and
literary incarnations of real-life characters in the novel taken from her work Widows of Vidarbha further complements
the fluidity of fact/fiction binary seen in the novel.
The use of case studies also adds to the list of
combating narrative strategies employed in the novel. It is a very emotional
read as it takes readers deep into the world of struggling women whose husbands
committed suicide due to debt-distress. This work stands evident to the failure
of state and bureaucratic inefficiency in handling agrarian crisis with
reference to farmers’ suicides. The novel Shoes
of the Dead shows a number of similarities with the case studies and life
stories of the women in Widows of Vidarbha. For instance, one of the
characters in the novel, Varadaamma, whose husband had committed suicide,
claimed that she was harassed and threatened by moneylenders whose debts she
was unaware of, until the suicide of her husband (223). Similarly, one of the
life stories recorded in Widows of Vidarbha
included the life story of Jayashri. She narrated a similar incident where she
was oblivious to her husband’s debts until his suicide. In the words of
Jayashri:
After he died, the
moneylenders asked me to repay the loan. I told them I had no idea about it
because my husband never shared such information with me. They refused to
believe me and threatened to take action. I asked them to go ahead, because I
had no money to repay. (106).
Despite expressing strong resistance, Gangiri finally
succumbs to power politics and commits suicide as the death of his nephew fills
him with intense remorse. Even though the death of Gangiri at the end of the
novel indicates a sense of uncertainty, the inclusion of his friend Vadrangi as
the new member of the suicide committee asserts the continuation of protest and
resistance. The emergence of Vadrangi as the new epicentre of resistance hints
at the victory of subjective realities against post-truth discourses. The novel
ends with Lambodar casting his vote for all suicide cases to be sanctioned
monetary compensation. In the words of Vadrangi: “Just wanted to mention that
Lambodhar maha sarpanch, the man notorious as apatra Lambodar, today voted for
all debt suicide cases as patra or eligible for compensation” (274). The change
of proceedings in the suicide committee with honest votes from Lambodhar marks
the victory of both the dead and the living.
Thus, the novel represents the socio-political
post-truth narrative of institutional powers that frame farmers’ suicides for
its own morbid and corrupt purposes through its representation of subjective
realities. It presents a detailed account of farmers’ suicides using
investigative style of writing, which makes the entire novel resemble an
investigative report. Inclusion of news story formats as part of the narration
makes the text more factual than fictional. Such factual insights become highly
necessary as the narration attempts to challenge the data politics involved in the
reductive statistical representation of farmers’ suicides. The fictionalization
of case-studies from the non-fictional work Widows
of Vidarbha becomes the most significant subject realities that the novel Shoes of the Dead represents to
counteract the objective truths produced and generated by the state through its
inaccurate data on farmers’ suicides. Thus, the novel Shoes of the Dead represents and documents subject realities
subverting the objective discourses on agrarian crisis, which in effect
destabilizes the politically affiliated post-truth discourses.
Endnotes
1. It is important to note here that the phrases
“objective truths,” “alternative facts” used throughout this paper refers to
politically motivated and manipulated ideas and facts (realities) based on
manual research and investigation. References to scientifically proven and
experimentally tested facts are not the points of discussion here. Such
scientific facts and its relation to post-truth is altogether a different, yet
interesting subject of study.
2. The census taken between
1820 and 1840 (London, United Kingdom) was considered to be the first Data
Revolution. It mainly focussed on the so-called “moral outsiders (deviants)”.
The social categories of the census included the poor, the unmarried mother,
the illegitimate child, the black, the unemployed and the disabled. It is quite
obvious that the census targeted a set of people and collected data about their
location, social status, employment that made significant impact on government
policies and regulations. It was an anti-revolutionary attempt more than anything
else. Source: London School of Economics Impact Blog. “Big Data Problems We
Face Today can be Traced to the Social Ordering Practices of the 19th
Century” by Hamish Robertson and Joanne Travaglia. London 2015. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2015/10/13/ideological-inheritances-in-the-data-revolution/ May 2021.
3. A Political Theory of Post-Truth by
Ignas Kalpokas, Post-Truth and Political
Discourse by David Block, Post-Truth
and the Mediation of Reality: New Conjunctures edited by Rosemary Overell
and Brett Nicholls, Post-Truth,
Scepticism and Power by Stuart Sim.
Works Cited
Berger,
Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. The social
construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. 1966.
Penguin Books, Reprint 1991.
Bigo,
Engin Isin and Evelyn Rupert. “Data
Politics.” Data Politics: Worlds,
Subjects, Rights, edited
by Didier Bigo et al., Routledge, 2019. Routledge Studies in International
Political
Sociology Ser.
Gordon,
Colin, ed. and Trans. Colin Gordon, Leo Marshall, John Mepham, and Kate Soper. Power/Knowledge:
Selected Interviews and other Writings 1972-1977 by Michel Foucault. Pantheon Books, 1980.
Haack,
Susan. Philosophy of Logics.
Cambridge UP, 1978.
McIntyre,
Lee. Post-Truth. The MIT P, 2018. The
MIT Press Essential Knowledge Ser.
Neelima,
Kota. Shoes of the Dead. Rupa
Publications India Pvt. Ltd, 2013.
---. Widows of
Vidarbha: Making of Shadows. Oxford UP, 2018.